Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs origin and extinction Dinosaurs origin and extinction is very important topics for scientists in order to make relation of these probable cause with other factor. Dinosaurs extinction from earth is considered as the partial evidence of earlier cosmic eruption and unavoidable climate change and natural disaster. Because in different scientific thought extinction of Dinosaur is believed to the cause of cosmic disaster. This view also help cosmologist in their cosmology research in considering future cosmic disaster that can rapid change of the universe. Dinosaurs are considered as the primitive animals of earth that originates in earth before the originating of human, even the extinction of Dinosaurs are also so far before from the originating of human. But today dinosaurs are only a past story of animals world of earth. There have a wide variety of conception about the extinction of dinosaurs kingdom. Origin of Dinosaurs in earth is a history of complex and long term evolutionary and adaption process. Adaption is a process of gaining some characteristics for survival. Once a period had come when few animals started to feel such such way that these they do not have to require to deposit eggs into water. Reptile is the first vertebrate of the earth that developed such kinds of adaption. From fossil study it can say reptiles was originated into earth before long age ago of discovering of first reptiles fossil that was about 350 million years past. This time is called Carboniferous period. At the close of Permian period again reptiles are started to change by adaption, because earth became complex to survive for the water dependent amphibians. Because in this time earth became cool and less humid. Lakes, ponds and rivers became dried up. In such environment these amphibians started to change by adaption. After a long course of adaption a specific type of reptile are originate into earth that is about 215 million years ago at the end of the Triassic period. These dominant reptiles was Dinosaurs. Dinosaurs were endothermic in nature. The size of Dinosaurs were small to large. Probably, a one type of Dinosaurs named Brachiosaurus was the largest animal in earth. Certain type of legs position that was directly beneath their body was enabled Dinosaurs to fast running. Brachiosaurus were herbivorous in nature and few types of Dinosaurs were carnivorous. How the earth became complex to survival? It was thought that once the earth became reduced of green plants. For the abnormal reducing of green plants from earth dinosaurs became unable to manage their sufficient level of food for survival. Dinosaurs was herbivorous. Herbivorous animals are these that lives on eating plants. There have a cosmological concept about the extinction of Dinosaurs from earth. In cosmological view extinction of Dinosaurs are the result of huge cosmic disaster. A huge meteorite was thought to crashed into earth that is thought to be responsible for creating huge dust in air that restrict the sunlight. And finally reduced the sufficient level of energy to make plants food. Due to reduced food supply the earth became unfavourable for survival. It was the time 65 million year past from toady is considered as the extinction time of Dinosaurs from earth. In different scientists views the huge volcanic eruption and lava flow are another causes of extinction of Dinosaurs. But in view of different scientists, Dinosaurs are exists in earth in an adapted form as bird. Dinosaurs are thought as the ancestors of modern bird

DNA transformation

Introduction of social transformation of DNA into animals A scientific experiment by British Scientist Frederick Griffith on Pneumonia causing bacteria explores a probability of finding another kinds of DNA transformation by social contact. For a better understanding of the topics, let us discuss every word part to part. Let us consider the term social activity. When two animal become close to each other for a certain cause, it may for communication or may for play or may for walk altogether, we term gathering of animals closer to each other as a social activity. When a group of animal close together surrounding their friend who had died it also my termed as the social interaction between live animal and death animal.  We are familiar with different types of properties of transformation between animals. Behaviour transformation, intelligence transformation is well known. A long period of friendship with a scientist may lead someone to become a scientist. If someone get a people who speaks well and get friendship with him, after two or three years latter he will gain few wonderful properties to speak well.  But, now the question is that is it possible to transformation of DNA without biological process. Gaining of any property of any substance from other substance by close contact or approximately close nearly is termed as induction process in physics. Physics theory of induction shows us that how a non magnet iron convert into magnet with the nearby contact with a magnet British scientist, Frederick Griffith in 1928 started to know why bacteria causes disease. In view of this he done an experiment that shows him wonderful behaviour of bacteria. Griffith isolated two different strain of bacteria. One can causes Pneumonia and other cannot do this. He cultured these two group of bacteria in his culture plate. Both of strain of bacteria grew on culture plate. But they shows different behaviour of socialisation. Pneumonia causing harmful bacteria found to grow at the smooth edge of culture plate and harmless bacteria was found to grew on raw side of the culture plate. It is looks like a beautiful colonisation of two different strain of bacteria. In social life such type of colonising is available in many of the animals and even, in human. The colonised bacteria when inject into mice's body, mice do not infected. But colonised bacteria grew up at the smooth edge of plate when inject into mice body that caused pneumonia Another experiment had done after killing of disease causing bacteria by heat and mixing these with harmless strained bacteria and injecting the mixture into mice's body. It should be happened that mice should not develop disease, because harmful bacteria is dead. But these mice developed Pneumonia. What happened in this case? In 1944, at Rockefeller Institute in New York, done an experiment lead by lead by Canadian Biologist Oswald Avery in order to discover the facts. They discovered that  a transformation of DNA happened from disease causing bacteria to harmful bacteria and harmless bacteria gained such DNA that can cause Pneumonia. This type of DNA transformation is called Griffith transformation

Particle infection

We may know about different types of chemical compound and chemicals, Ultraviolet radiations, toxic elements how significantly causes harmful effect on body cells and causes diseases. But these types of diseases are not grouped into infectious disease. Because, infection have certain type of properties and in general view the responsible substance should have some specifi function within the body that is similar with the function of living organism.
Discovery of new class of particles provide us few new conception about life and living organism and few new conception about non livings. Not only that these particles also introduced new idea in medical science. There found two particles that somewhat similar with virus, but exactly these are not virus. These are nonliving particles. These two particles are Viriods and Prions. It an wonderful topics that these two particles can causes infectious disease. Hence, the definition of infectious disease should modify in medical science. In general conception of infection in medical science is usually agreed as cell affected and damaged by microorganism, such as virus and bacteria. When harmful bacteria enter into body, take part in reproduction into body and produce a huge quantity of new generation. Ultimately these increased level of harmful microorganism causes damage of cells. Hence, this phenomenon we termed as infection. Microorganism entering into body, taking part of these organisms own reproduction, we can never termed as infection until damage of cell of hosts. In our human body there have an abundance of microorganism these are not harmful, rather useful. These are called normal flora Not every kind of cell damage by foreign substance is termed as infection. Not only that only damage of cell is not a standard of defining infection. Body cell can damaged by chemical effect that we can not termed as infection. Again cell damage is not only indicator of defining infection. The person who is suffering from AIDS infected by HIV, happened directly damage of antibody. But we termed AIDS as an infectious disease. Infection can difference from other kinds of cell damage or other type of disorder within body. Infection have certain types of characteristics. Most important is that it causes by entering foreign particles into body, these substance are found to increasing their member in numbers into hosts body by any process and finally caused a harmful effect. In generally, a wide range of medical science is occupied by infection as caused by living microorganism. These microorganisms are found to increase the generation into body by different types of reproduction process. But discovery of Viriods and prions provide us an conception that non living particles also can causes infection. Viriods and prions Viriods and prions are nonliving particles similar with virus, but having no characteristics of living organism. These particles have significant ability of causes infectious disease of animals and plants. Viriods causes infections of plants. For example potatos, tomatos and apples are infects by viriods. Viriods have single strained RNA with no capsid. After entering into cell viriod can increase their number into cell by synthesis process. The abundance of viriods into cell disrupt the metabolism of plant cell. American scientist Stanley Prusiner in 1972, when start his work to investigate the cause Scrapie disease in sheep. He found an abnormal type of particle which is no DNA or RNA like Virus. These particles only have protein. When prions entered into body it starts to produce protein clump. These clumps induces normal protein into new prions. By this process prions increases their number in host body. Very common disease caused by prions infection is Mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt disease. Human also can develop such kinds of disease if human infect by prions.

Special theory of relativity

Special theory of relativity is also called Einstein's special theory of relativity that leads to develop of Einsteins general theory of relativity. In 1905, American physicist who is German born, Albert Einstein introduce a new conception that concerned with time and space and brought time and space into an unique continuum so called space time. Special theory of relativity ignores the separate concept of time and space. But time and space are same and concentrate into a general phenomenon that is called space time. History of special theory of relativity In 1987, American physicist Albert Michelson and Edward Morley conduct an experiment on speed of light. But they found some abnormal behaviour of light speed. Michelson and Morley experiment shows that speed of light is independent to observer. To an observer the speed of light will same in moving and in resting. Such kinds of independence of light speed also found by the Law of electromagnetism by Clerk Maxwell. According to Maxwell's Law of electromagnetism the speed of light is independent to the observers velocity But the emergence of special theory of relativity shows us that time and space is different to different observers. Applications of special theory of relativity Special theory of relativity says that it is necessary to point any position of any object never be accurate if time is not included with it. Special theory of relativity teaches us the conception of a point in four dimensional space instead of three dimensions. Space time interval and speed of light is two invariant that provides a new transformation law that is called Lorentz transformation law that is able to make a coordination of one body moving relatively other body. Special theory of relativity shows that any objects mass will be relatively high comparing with the same object in rest. For this cause it is impossible to find any materials that can posses speed of light to travel. Only that can achieve speed of light what is zero mass in rest. Photon is such example that can achieve speed of light in travel. Relativity of time also can prove by the Lorentz effect on clock. The flow of time by a moving clock is relatively slow than a stationary clocks time flow. Just a one thing should be consider to apply Lorentz transformation law to measure the relative value of things that objects speed should be less than the speed of light. Otherwise, Lorentz transformation law may show unusual inaccurate result in measuring the relative values. After publishing special theory of relativity, Albert Einstein woks at least 10 years to develop special theory in order to including acceleration into the theory. Finally, Einstein announced his new theorem that is called general theory of relativity that is included with acceleration.

Artificial intelligence

Astrophysicists believes that the upcoming day is not very far from us that we are going to face a new format of life in cosmos. When the day will come it is difficult to predict, but it is easy to predict that the day is coming. Astrophysicist have made clear already that somewhere distance from earth there have life that may not like life in our earth. Even it may not be a biological base. It is not a wonder if someone predict the life in cosmos is a few light year distance from earth or galaxy is based on a different format. But someone may be wonder to know that after a few light year latter or nearby upcoming days his next generation will be in a new format of life, that my not be based on carbon. But it is really that different cosmological prediction allow cosmologist, physicist and philosophers to draw a conclusion that cosmic life transformation into artificial intelligences are happening in cosmos. Existing biological life in cosmos is going to transform into non biological life, even into artificial intelligences. Cosmic evolution of life into artificial intelligence In cosmology it is considered that every matter of cosmos is changing its property with time. The property of earth will not as same after few light year latter. Big Bang theory shows that property of every element of universe changed with the changing the distance between element and singular point. Though the infrastructure where life is hosted is a organic combination of few elements, hence it can say surely the property of living organism will change with time. Based on some logics and theories someone should predict what should be the upcoming circumstance. Once may come such situation in cosmos where may have to need different things instead of carbon for life. Evolutionary theorem of life shows us growing up of life microbes states to intelligent life. It this we can agree without any doubt, why we will doubt about intelligent life transformation into super intelligent life? If it is possible to emergence of living organism from non livings, it may be possible of transmission of organic life into other format of life. It is not an wonderful matter if once life transform into artificial intelligences. Evolution of intelligences Evolution of intelligences is a short time scale matter to predict. Within short time gap animals are showing an excellent development of intelligences. I wondered to the development of intelligence of some kinds of animals for survival. If someone look at the babies surrounding himself and compared with the babies these he have seen 10 years before, it will be found that generation to generation intelligence are increasing. Some kinds of animals and plants are found how these intelligences have an extraordinary control over their organs. With time some orchid learns to change their flowers colour, some plants learned to changes its smells, some learnt to develop thorns in its body. If the idea is expanded then we can guess once animal or plant can reach in such state that its intelligences may control not only its organic function but also more than that. Intelligences and consciousness of cosmic super intelligent life In artificial intelligent life consciousness will be present. Consciousness and intelligence both is a matter of flow of learning. Scientists view about cosmic artificial intelligence life Susan Schneider, professor of philosophy at University of Connecticut describe the probability of artificial intelligence life to be synthetic in nature. This statement erase the idea of biological alien life. Biological alien life is not supported by time scale argument. Schneider also states the cosmic super intelligences would be more sophisticated than human can think. Short window observation also shows us that society will learn to transmit into radio signal.

Hawking radiation

Radiation Physicist are familiar with the term "radiation". Radiation can simply defined as emission of energy in wave or particle form. With different type of radiation we are familiar with. Such as ultraviolet radiation, X-ray, alpha particles radiation, beta particles radiation, Gama particles radiation, cosmic radiation, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared radiation, thermal radiation, radio wave and black body radiation. Another kinds of radiation are observed concerned with black hole which is called Hawking radiation that can explain different term of astronomy concerned with black hole. Hawking radiation is one kind of radiation observed in event horizon of black hole. Hawking radiation is in most of case similar with black body radiation. Another name of Hawking radiation is Benkenstein-Hawking radiation. It is considered that Hawking radiation is caused by the quantum effect in event horizon. Event horizon is an imaginary boundary of black hole. It is believe that surface of the event horizon of black will glittering with radiation. Black holes event horizon emit Hawking radiation which is similar to black body radiation. Cause of Hawking radiation is explained by British physicist Stephen Hawking. At first Israeli scientist Jacob Benkenstein gives an idea that Black hole have temperature and entropy. In 1972 Stephen Hawking worked on Black hole and established a theoretical model that describes the cause of such kinds of black body radiation from the event horizon. According to Stephen Hawking energy fluctuation in vacuum is responsible for particle and antiparticle pairing nearby event horizon of Black hole. The net result of particle and antiparticle pairing is that absorption of one particle by Black hole and other is escaping. It is also states that emitted particle is positively charged and absorbed particle is negatively charged. This statement also explains that Hawking radiation how impacts on losing of energy of Black hole. We know Black hole gradually losses its energy. If someone considers quantum theory under consideration, there will found a different picture of black hole. That is Black hole is not quite black. Quantum mechanical uncertainty principle explains that Black hole should create and emit particles from its event horizon. Hawking radiation explains very important phenomenon of astronomy. It is considered that reducing of mass and energy of Black hole is caused by Hawking radiation. Reducing of mass and energy of Black hole is termed as Black hole evaporation. Hawking radiation also predict that Black hole have thermal property.