Sunday 24 May 2015

Pauli exclusion principle

Pauli exclusion principles major part is concerned with quantum number of an atom. A clear understanding of Pauli exclusion principle, in what it is important to give concern that is quantum number.

Pauli exclusion  principle States that In same orbital two electrons four quantum number never same. In that case it may be possible of same value of quantum number In same orbital maximum three, but never it be four.

If two electrons principle quantum  number, azimuthal quantum number and magnetic quantum number be same turned spin quantum number must be different In this case.

If In an orbital spin of one electron if clockwise then others spin will be anticlockwise.
Quantum Number

 With increasing of the complex concept about electrons nature in an atom there needs an integral number to define the electrons behaviour surrounding the nucleus.

Types of quantum number

There found four types of quantum number. These are principle quantum number, azimuthal quantum number, magnetic quantum number and spin quantum number.

Exactly, quantum number is some integral number that is used to expression of electrons position, shapes, orientation within an atomic orbital. The four quantum number provides as possible as accurate description of electronic commerce In atomic orbital.

Principle quantum number

Principle quantum number indicates the number of shell In an atom. It represented by n.principle quantum number calculates energy of an electron, distance of electron from nucleus  and




cording to Pauli exclusion principal, It is impossible for two electron in an atom to posses the same value of four quantum number.

Pauli exclusion principal explains that if there found that three quantum number of two electron is same, at least one quantum number of two electron will different. Let in an atom principal quantum number, azimuthal quantum number and magnetic quantum number is same, but the spin quantum number must be different value.

Application of Pauli exclusion principle


With the application of Pauli exclusion principle, it is possible to calculate the maximum number of electron In an orbit and sub shell and main shell.
According to Pauline exclusion principle, In an orbital may have at most two electron, one with the spin quantum number of positive half and other with the spin quantum ner of negative sign half.

Hence, each electron In each orbital have different set of quantum number.

The relationship of number of electron In a sub shell with the principle quantum number follows a mathematical equation. In this case maximum number of electron In an orbital is equal to 2 multiplied by the square of principle quantum number.

Quantum Number

Quantum Number

 


 Quantum number is  very important topics of discussion in chemistry. To explain the position and energy level of electron in an atom quantum number plays an important role in chemistry. Due to having the limitation of Bohrs electronic shell it is necessary to introduce different quantum number.


What is quantum number? Quantum number is the numerical value that usually used for determining the energy, position, orientation as well as Goody's behavior of electron In an atom. It gives the description of electrons.

 Types of quantum number

 There have four kinds of quantum number. These are principal quantum number, azimuthal quantum number, magnetic quantum number and spin quantum number.
Why four kinds of quantum number is necessary? Principle quantum which is called Bohr's electronic shell can explain only the spectrum of hydrogen atom. But it faild to explain the spectrun of other atoms. Not only that, but also Zeeman effect and Stark effect is unexplained.

To overcome the limitation of principal quantum number another three quantum number is introduced these are azimuthat quantum number, magnetic quantum number and spin quantum number.

Different kinds of quantum number is explained bellow

 Principal quantum number

Principal quantum number is also called Bohrs electronic shell. The principal electronic shell indicates the shell surrounding the nucleus where electron belongs to. It is the energy level of an electron. Principal quantum number is denoted by symbol n. Principal quantum number expresses the average size of electron clouds and dostance of an electron and the nucleus

Principle quantum number is indicated for expressing the number of shell In which the electron is presents. If the principle quantum number of an electron is 1, that indicates the electron revolving surrounding the nucleus is present In first shell. It as provide information about distance of electron from nucleus as well as the maximum number of electron containing capability by a shell. According to Hoie Bury scheme, a shell can contain the number of electron equal to the twice of square of principle quantum number.

Azimuthal quantum number

 Azimuthal quantum number is introduced to define the spatial distribution of electron cloud and the angular momentum of the electron. The shape of the electron cloud is possible to describe by azimuthal quantum number. One can calculate azimuthal quantum number if he know the principal quantum number. If the principal quantum number is n, then the azimuthal quantum number will be zero to n-1. If principal quantum number is 2 then azimuthal quantum number will be zero and one.

Magnetic quantum number 

Magnetic quantum number is these kinds of quantum number that can explain the splitting of spectral line with the effects of magnetic field. The splitting of spectral line with effect of magnetic field is also designated as Zeeman effect. Magnetic quantum number is also called orientation quantum number. The magnetic quantum number gives the orientation of the distribution of electron clouds in space. Hence, magnetic quantum number is called orientation quantum number. For azimuthal quantum number l, the value of magnetic quantum number will be 2l+1.

 Spin quantum number


 Spin quantum number is that kinds of quantum number that explain the spin of electron in its own axis. Spin of electron is two kinds. One is clockwise and another is anticlokwise.

Above three quantum number is found in the solution of Schrödinger wave equation for hydrogen. But Schrödinger wave equation and its solution do not give us any idea of spin quantum number. This quantum number is found from the conception of electrons revolving surrounding the nucleus . When electron revolve surrounding the nucleus it shows two types of motion. One is revolving of electron by an elliptical path surrounding the nucleus according to Rutherford's view and another motion is a spin movement along with its own axis. <

Saturday 2 May 2015

Electrolysis

Electrolysis

 Elecrolysis is a process of deposition of electrolytes by electric current. When electric current pass through any electrolytes the constituents of electrolytes decomposed. Just for example if electric current pass through the Hydrochloric acid solution then hydrochloric acid becomes decomposed and produces hydrogen and chlorine nutran molecule. This process of decomposition of hydrochloric acid is termed as electrolysis.

 For a better understanding about electrolysis there needs a clear conception about electrolytes.

Electrolytes

 Electrolytes are these substance that have capability to conduct electric current by forming ions in solution. The examples of most common electrolytes are sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid.
 The compound that do not conduct electricity in aolution is called non electrolytes. The examples of non electrolytes are sugar and alcohol.

Few terms concerned with electrolysis is given bellow

 The important term concerned with electrolysis is Cathode, Anode, Electrolytic cell

 Electrolytic cell


Electrolytic cell is the framework where the electrolysis is happend. Simply to say phyaical place where the electrolytes was stored for electrolysis process. An electrolytic cell consists of its main parts Electrolytes, Cathod and Anode.

Cathode

 Cathode is a metal rod dipped into electrolytic cell thats another part is connected with external currents negatively charged parts. In an electrolytisis process cation migrate to the cathode and ultimately it accept electron from cathode and convert into nutral atom.

Anode

 Anode is the metalic rod of any electrolytic cell that is connceted with the positive part of electric current. It attract anion to itself in the process of electrolysis.

Friday 1 May 2015

Law of mass action

The rate of chemical reaction is related to the active mass of the reactants. Norwegian scientists Guldburg and Wages states an important law that exptesses the relationship between active mass of the reactant and rate of chemical reaction. That is called Law of mass action.

Law of mass action

 Rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the active mass of the ractant molecules

Law of mass action can explain on the basis of collision theory of molecules. According to the collision theory the  reactants will undergo in reaction when the reactants will take place a collision between themselves. The rate of chemical reaction depends on the number of molecules take places in collision. With the increasing of molecules number available for collision increases the rate of chemical reaction. Hence, it also can say that the rate of chemical reaction is proportional to the It also explains that the rate of chamical reaction is proportional to the active mass of reactants. molar concentration of the reactants.

Attractive force

The force acting among the objects that tends to closer together is attractive force. The opposite concept of attractive force is repulsive ...