Symmetry breakdown

The sky, the moon, galaxies, stars, even everything in universe, the universe itself originate from big bang. The origin of each matter and energy of universe is started from big bang. With advancement of modern physics scientists are started to think about a unique mechanism of happening everything. They found a mechanism that is considering as a major cause of happening most of consequence of universe is called symmetry breakdown.
Symmetry breakdown is a mechanism of breaking a symmetric structure into another structure. In generally it is a transition of simpler state of matter into more complex state of matter or energies. Symmetry breakdown is happening in all species of the universe through the time traveling from one era to another era. Physicists of modern physics claims symmetry breaking for all evolution of universe . It may be happen into matter or within energies, even in biological evolution. In generally, symmetry breakdown changes the state into more complex state from the previous state. The dimension of water is easy to describe, but a snowflake is more complex to describe.  To describing a drop of water there need less information, but to describe a snowflak there need more information. What happened in case of converting water into snowflake? There happens a symmetry breaking. Physicists and cosmologists believe that the entire universe is expanded from a dense and hot state of matter and energy through a symmetry breakdown process. This is simply thought that symmetry breakdown makes new state that is more complex. The earlier universe was perfectly symmetric than that of existing universe. Once from a hot and dense state of universe started symmetry breakdown and continuing this breakdown with the traveling of time from one era to another era and the symmetry breakdown will also remain its continuty. When a perfect symmetric universe start to cooling from it's hot and dense state the the symmetry breakdown had started.  This phenomenon may compare with an analogy. A drop of water is symmetrical and hot state than the ice. Water when cooled than it convert into ice that is more complex state.  To better understand about symmetry breakdown it is very important to little understanding about symmetry.
 Symmetry is defined as a physical system that does not undergo any change after any tranaformation of its state of position. The transformation may be continuous or descrete. Everywhere we may find few examples of symmetry. Human beings are an example of symmetry in biological sense. In visually, left part and right part of our body is an example of symmetry. A butterfly is also a symmetric animal. But in physics the conception of symmetry shows us more complex terms and these symmetric nature.

Speed of light in different reference framework have same value. With position change the value does not changes. In view of physics, speed of light is symmetrical and that is termed as poincare group. Poincare group is a symmetry group of special relativity. Another important examples of symmetry is space time symmetry, circular disk of sun, repeated musical rhythm.

Flowers wings are distributed symmetrically.
 Symmetry of universe

 

 The whole universe is thought as spherically symmetrical. An observation of spinning of elementary particle "fermion" gives scientists an opportunity to think about the symmetric structure of universe. All of the elementary particles have spinning property. Fermion is spin 1/2 particle. There need 720 degree of rotation to return back its starting point from where it was started to rotate. But all other elementary particles need 360 degree of rotation to reach at the staring point. But scientists does not stoped. Scientists started to makes a correlation of universe with the fermions behaviour. In terms of cosmological study turning of 720 degree of rotation of universe pictures an identical copies of universe. The entire universe looks like spherically symmetrical. A few scientists believes in spherically symmetrical universe in view of multiple universe conception introducing simplicity.
 Symmetry breakdown in particle physics Symmetry breakdown in particle physics is very important. Because forming of super symmetry is based on the conception of symmetry breakdown. It is thought that once every particles and forces in universe were identical. Due to symmetry breakdown we found different matters and particles as well as different forces.

 From above discussion we can say that the four forces in universe created from an unique state after a successful transformation of symmetry breakdown. Different masses from leptons, fragmentation of electroweak force into electromagnetism and weak force, these are nothing but a result of symmetry breakdown.
Symmetry breakdown vs symmetry build up Due to our universal life properties, when we see something getting into destruction, with our conscious and unconscious mind we think about the opposite term "build up". A one symmetry breakdown may lead to build up other symmetry. This flow is symmetry starts from simpler symmetric form to complex symmetric form. In most of the physics law shows us symmetry journey to simpler to complex. But we can not completely ignore traveling of symmetry complex form to simpler form. Because a few scientists believes in  collapsing of universe. If collapsing happens really in future, it is possible to follow these path in what path expansion was happend. It should be consider with an example our our daily life habitual activity as an analogy. It is only analogical and philosophical. In which way you go to market from home, in habitually you usually return back to home in that. Although, there have different path of returning back.

Dark matter

The universe is composed of matter and energy. According to mass energy transformations equation by Albert Einstein, matter and energy can put into an unique platform that both of two phenomenon are a transformed form of each other.

In visual sense all of the matter of the universe is defined as the macro form of atom, even particle. Matter is a condensed form of energy.

In modern physics, physicists and cosmologists started to think about a new format of matter that is called dark matter. Dark matter is till now considered as an invisible hypothetical matter that have a potential difference from visual matter in some parameter. By the observation on gravitational effect on visible matter, on radiation and on the large scale structure of universe the conception about dark matter is found in favour of its existence and properties.

Properties of dark matter

 The property of dark matter is somewhat different from the visible matter. Dark matter can not absorb and emit light or electromagnetic radiation.

History of dark matter in that case dark matter shows a logical relationship with Black body as well as Black hole. In terms of Black hole conception, Black hole is a region In universe from where nothing can escape even electromagnetic radiation.

For better understanding of properties of dark matter just think about a phenomenon of optical physics concerned with colour.

Beautiful rainbow which is more clearly visible In sky after rain somewhat explains the properties of electromagnetic radiation of sunlight. Rainbow is nothing but only a dispersion of different wavelength of colour

At first Dark matter is postulated by Jan Oort in 1932. In 1933, Fritz Zwicky uses viral theorem in order to infer the matter these are invisible or till now never seen. This unseen matter was refereed as dunkle materie.

Galaxy rotation curve and dark matter

In 1939, scientist Horace W. Bablock discovered galaxy rotation curve. In 1960 to 1970 Vera Rubin and Kent Ford uses galaxy rotation curve in order to postulate dark matter.

Baryonic dark matter and non baryonic dark matter

Scientists have found from their long term research that  majority of dark matter  is made of non baryonic dark matter. The probable measure of baryonic dark matter is found from big bang neucleosynthesis. measurement of baryonic matter is about from 1 to 5 percent of critical density of entire universe. But this is also contrasted by other views. Some believes that the total matter of universe is about 30 percent of critical density.

Baryonic dark matter

Baryonic dark matter and non baryonic can be differ  with a few parameters. Baryonic dark matter can not detect by its edited radiation.

The composition of baryonic dark matter shows that it campused with baryons, neurons and protons.

In our universe, the total amount of dark matter if classified into two parts, baryonic and non baryonic, the most common examples of baryonic dark matter is non luminous gas, massive astrophysical halo objects,  Black holes, white drawfs, brown drawfs, briefing stars, planets, etc.

Non Baryonic dark matter

Axions, super symmetric particles are hypothetical particles. These are non baryonic dark matter. Though, baryonic dark matter is believes to form the elements of primitive universe during Big bang, non baryonic dark matter have No any role in this case.

In generally, available non baryonic dark matter is cold dark matter, warm dark matter and hot dark matter in believes of cosmologists.
Most of the hypothesis on non baryonic dark matter is based on cold dark matter hypothesis. Neutrinos are the examples of hot non baryonic dark matter. But neutrino can only form a small fraction of dark matter.


Physical evidence of dark matter

Globular cluster shows that they contain dark matter. From the velocity profile of stars, scientists found concentration of dark matter.

Motion of galaxies study provides most of the physical evidence of dark matter.

Fast moving object

With the starting of human civilisation, peoples were struggled with introducing flexibility in their life. Human beings were usually habitual to move one place to another place for different types of causes. Due to the moving nature of human civilisation were moved to place to place, region to region.

First conception of first moving

Most probably from the primitive period human beings thought about an effective way that they can move as fast as possible. They realised for something that can reduce their journey time. People learnt to return back to home before the sunset if they never face the ferocious wild animal in dark or if they can save themselves from any kinds of natural disaster.

Hunting was the only source of protein for primitive people. To alive food is mandatory. To search food going out from home is also mandatory. Looking for food, finding food is the basic struggle for all of the animals in earth. Because, animals are glucose dependent. It is the prominent difference of animal from plants. Plants do need need to move for food. Plant can produce energy sufficiently by photosynthesis process if sunlight is available sufficiently.

Hence, for survival need primitive peoples were familiar with hunting. Sometimes they have to move to far distance from their residence.But companion with the tension of returning back in home timely before sunset, were their daily irritable things. Hence, primitive peoples were started to think about effective way of moving forward as fast as possible.

Movement

In terms of physics, movement is changing of place. Very simply to say movement is nothing but a displacement of objects. Fast moving objects are these that displaced the length with shortest period of time. Objects movement is very important part of physics. In terms of physics and astrophysics, objects if it be massive or lighter have an universal characteristics of moving. Theory of big bang says that from the starting of universe, everything of the universe is getting distance from each other.

Development of fast moving in human society

First peoples were familiar with using started with the invention of wheel. Wheel is considered as the wonder invention of primitive people after fire. In that time animals energy were used to automating the wheels activity. In order to fast going horse power was widely used started from primitive period and till now it is continuing in some case.

Day to day peoples learns to invent steam engine. Invention of cars and railways happened in real life. The invention of railway made very easy and fast movement of peoples from one place to another place. Invention of plane introduced more fast in fast going.

Physics of first going

Continuously peoples all over the world is trying to introducing more fast movement as possible as they can. Fast moving obeys some roles of physics. How an object can move in more fast and speed? Let us think about at first that what may restrict fast moving of objects.

Gravity is an attraction of earth on an objects. If it be massive or lighter. Physicists have already been proved that the object with more speed shows less mass. That means the more speed of the objects relates with less mass of the objects. Speed and mass relationship is very clearly explained in special theory of relativity by Albert Einstein.

The object that will able to overcome the force of gravity that will achieve more speed and fast moving. The more overcoming the gravity attraction also relates in reducing mass of the objects. When any objects start to move approximately with the speed of light its mass will come closer to zero and negligible.

Engineering of fast moving transport invention is basically focused on reduction of the restriction during movement. The fast moving trains and planes exactly follows this rule.

Positive thinking

Positive thinking
Thinking is a science. In what way you will think, that is also an interesting science. Any consequence someone may think as positively and someone may think as negatively. But science says that the way of your thinking can significantly express your attitude and behaviour.

Full glass vs empty glass

A half glass of water you can explain as two different way. If you explain it as positive manner, you may explain as "half glass full of water" or in negative manner you may called "a half empty glass". But very interesting is that if the two simple answer if looks very simple, even, many people if ignore to notice it, It is universal truth is that psychologists can predict differently two different peoples future. What in their fate in future?
Scientists believes that the people of positive thinkers are more happy and success in their life than these who thinks the sequence as negatively.

The story of every success people shows that they were habitually positive thinker. The term habitual positive thinkers are these who thinks positively and thinking comes eternally and habitually.

Scientists are found just only a little smile increases the secretion of endorphin into body. Endorphin is such kinds of neurochemicals that is responsible to happiness and pleasure.

Optimism and pessimism

Psychologists classifies peoples into two class on the basis of their thinking way. Optimistic people and pessimistic people. Optimistic peoples are these peoples who at first thinks anything about positively. Pessimistic people thinks any think about in negative sense. From above illustration, the people said "a half glass full of water" it is nothing to doubt classify them as optimistic. Pessimistic people at first think something in negative way.

Physiological relationship of Optimism and Pessimism

Optimism and pessimism are two different traits concerned with psychology and science of mind and brain. But modern research shows that these two traits are interrelated with sound health else. Optimistic peoples are found in good health comparing with the pessimistic people.

Compare two people. One is all time in smiling face, happy and loves to social communication. On the other hand another people is conservative, physically ill, a sad and rude face. How you can differ them?

What is happening into the ill and sad people? Is he very sad due to his illness? or Is he ill, because he was sad and rude in most of his life time?

Optimistic people wins in life in most of the case. They shows less tendency of getting doubt in order to taking risk. They want to win with less considering the probability of loss. If loss comes they do not become more upset. When optimistic people determines to do then the pessimistic people thinks about If it will be nice thinking to do.

Fluctuation of optimism and pessimism

Optimism and pessimism depends on various factors. Environment plays an important role in this case. An optimistic people may not express as equally positive in all time. Environment can increase and reduce optimism. In a Soccer game, the crowding peoples in galleries and their shouting and praising significantly increase the confidence level of players. The higher confidence level can positively impacts on performance level.

Health benefit of positive thinking

Scientists have found a wide range of beneficial effects of positive thinking. In generally positive thinkers are in good and sound health. Optimism and positive thinking increases life span, reduces stress and depression of life. The patient of cardiovascular disease if pessimistic in nature, they are most vulnerable to death. But optimism reduces the death risk.

Believe that you can do

Only just a one single thing that can turn the performance of life that is you can do it. Recent scientific research shows that only making someone just only a believe that he can do this can significantly increases the performance level.

Music and language relation

In term of physics, music is nothing but a varying patterns of sound that is recognisable by animals. I am not mentioning music is only for human, rather it is also for animals. Because, different types of animals are found to response with music. Some of the case these are more apparent than human. Music is a sound with the characteristics of patterns, repetition and harmony. Without these characteristics sound may not consider as music. Musical instruments are these types of physical entity that gives these properties of sound through an effective tuning process. The two of the term, song and music is equally important for the musicians and singers. In our visual sense both of these may seem a different phenomenon, but with an analysis of physics law of wave theory both of the two phenomenon have a unique core value and meanings. Only the difference of music and sing from their origins.

Music emerged from non livings organ. On the other hand song emerged from the living organs. From the primitive period of earth, the animals were familiar with music and song for their pleasure and relaxation. May be from all of the animals singing is most popular culture in birds. All over the birds sings for specific types of reason. Song and music though a same meanings and properties, but they are different from their origins. The common properties that both have are patterned structure, harmony and repetition.

Another basic difference of song and music is that music only based on producing of melody sound that can make pleasure of animals. But in terms of song, most of the case singers gives priority to introduce such kinds of word that should be significant meanings.

Where musics are a combination of sound that have patterned structure, harmony and measurable repetition. On the other hand song is the combination of words that creates melody with its property of patterns, harmony and measurable repetition.

In terms of physics law of wave theory, song and music can place in one platform. Again we can think about the objectives of song and music.

Objectives of song and music

From the primitive period, song and musics are found as a source of pleasure. Both have a significant role in animals physiological process that is responsible for creating pleasure.

For getting pleasure a one kind of responsible hormone in our body is called Dopamine. Dopamine increases pleasure as pain.  Scientists have prove that significant types of music increases the Dopamine level into body in significant level. This dopamine secretion may be related with the harmony, frequency and intensity of the patterned sound. In that view a patterned harmonic sound scientifically can give pea sure.

For this cause in most of the singers are found, some of the case to avoid language meanings in order to matching their words with the musical harmony. Because scientifically, a combination of harmonic word if match with the harmonic music can combined produce more pleasure to audience in psychological and biological process.

Music and song relationship with language

Language have a significant role in music science in order to produce good melody. Hence, music should be properly match with the language pattern of song. If that does not happen then the total combination of music and song may be not acceptable by the audience.

Now the question is that how the proper combination will happen. In order to introduce melody singers in different countries are found that as possible as they are avoiding the complex words of language. They are found to select the easier format of words. In this case easier means not to understandable easily, but to utter easily through vocal chord.

In a language there may have different types of word. Same word that you may feel very difficult by your vocal chord, it may be very easy by to utter its synonym.

For a good melody and harmony of music and song such kinds of adjustment is very important. But in this case only a great problem is that in some of the case language became difficult to understand. This problem also should be margin. Because, pleasure have a significant relationship with understandable language.

Just think, someone wishes you with his own language. You could not understand. You did not find pleasure, because you did not understand.

Hence, in order to produce a good song there need different factors to mutually combine. The language pattern should be highly match with the pattern of musical harmony as well as language should as possible as understandable and simple.

Science of music

All over the world most of the musician are struggling with producing a good music. But in most of the case they suffered from the availability of music education. Though, most if the Greek philosophers defines music as a sort of art and creativity, with the development of science the definition of music is getting change. Most of the scientists and musicians are thinking music as a complex science as well as technology. Music have a wide range of relationship with science theorem.

Music is a sound in generally, but each sound is not considered as music. A beautiful sound produced from a violin if considered as music, why people do not call the sound produced by a motor sound as a music?
Music is a such patterns of sound that contains a systematic graphical feature of wavelength and intensity of sound. Music and physics have a symbiotic relationship. Robert j. Astalos and Tracy A Doyle, altogether explained music as a part of physics.  In order to prove music as a topics of physics, they make their presentation into two parts. A one part is concerned with principal of physics and another part is concerned with musical theory and history. The wave theory of physics is a core inner theme of producing music.  How the instroment of music produces different patterns of sound, that exactly follows the wave theory of physics.

Physics theory says that music is nothing but only a varying of sound wave with measurable patterns.
Hence, we are clear in this case that the sound should be a patterned structure to considered it as music. This pattern is dependable with the surrounding. To make understand clearly think about an example. If you make any of a sound in your room closing all of the door and window, you will find a specific pattern of sound that will be different from if you produce same sound under an open sky.

The mechanism of tuning of sound by musical instrument is related with physics law.
 How a musical instrument produces good sound is a wonderful topics of study. It is a tuning process. It is a process of mutual interaction of different tone of different wavelength in order to produce such patterns of sound of wavelength that can be graphed. If any tone can not represent graphical systematic pattern it should cont considered as tune.

The patternless random sound does not consider as music. With the flow of time the the sound wavelength can be plot in a graph. Here may found peaks and downs. The propagation of sound may found continuous and discrete.  The functional relationship of sound flow whatever may continuous and discrete, that is not a matter of producing a good music, but only the fact is that the continuity and discrete value should be limited with measures. The gaps of time should be in a systematic pattern.

With an analysis of history of music there found that the musical all over the world are struggling to develop the quality of music. This development of musical phenomenon is highly concerned with the development of tuning process. The creation of surrounding of sound flow in such a way that can result as possible as a good music.

Air and music relationship

Just think you are in a vacuum and you are shouting help and help. Nobody will find your sound. Because, to carry the sound  wave there need air present. From the primitive time musicians were familiar with controlling of air flow in order to produce different patterns of  musics.

Primitive peoples were familiar with producing good musics with using leafs, tubes of bamboos, etc.

Properties of music and song

In the description of musical aspects by Doyle, there found a focused idea of scales and harmonics in the research paper concerned with music and physics relationship. The harmonics and scales of musics both are related with the frequency of the wave.

The western musics are found a great scale of harmony of the frequency.

Chaotic nature and randomness is absent in music and song. Music is should not involve with randomness and as same song should not relate with chaotic nature. But both of these should be in a systematic structure.

Music should not be only a subjects of physics. Another things is concerned with musics. It is exactly a combination of creativity and imagination with physics that is a broad range of perceptible by animals.

The pattern of sound that may give us us pleasure it may not give pleasure to monkey. The response of human with specific patterns of sound may not same in other animals. What patterns of sound we will consider as music it is also relates with biology and psychology.

Every singer are found to trying their song with the instrumental music. The more the rhythm of song match with the rhythm of music, the song get more audience popularity. This matching may be seem easy to think but more difficult to realise.  In order to produce a good music ans song there should maintain few properties. These are systematic structure, absence of high structured randomness, systematic repetition and patterned structure.

Higgs Boson particles

Higgs Boson is last discovered elementary particle predicted by standard model of particle physics. It is considered that among twelve elementary particles, Higgs Boson is a special characteristics of particle that gives mass to other particles. After prediction about Higgs Boson it became important to an experimental evidence of Higgs Boson particles existence.

Experimental evidence of existence of Higgs Boson particles

The ATLAS and CMS experiment at Large Hardon Collider in CERN gave an idea of existence of Higgs Boson particle in universe. On July, 2012 CERN announced that they have found a new particle that behaves like the behaviour of Higgs Boson particle predicted by standard model in particle physics. CERN scientists found the mass region of this new particle 126 GeV.

To achieve a maximum idea on Higgs Boson particles first look at the Standard model in particle physics.

In Standard model of particle physics Higgs Boson particles are nothing but a simple manifestation of Brout-Englert-Boson mechanism.

In physics Higgs Boson particle became more important topics of discussion for the cause of its magical mass providing to other particles as well as mass of the entire universe. What is the mechanism of giving mass by Higgs Boson particles to other subatomic particles? For discovery of a theoretical mechanism, on 8th October, 2013 Englert and Petter Higgs awarded by a joint sharing Nobel prize in physics.

Standard model in particle physics gives an authentic and mostly acceptable idea about cosmos. Cosmos is not only made up of matter, it also contains forces. Exactly, our universe is consists of force and matter and their mutual interaction. Till now there found 12 subatomic particles and four forces that made our universe. Among the 12 particles six are quarks and six are leptons.  The four forces are gravity, electromagnetic force, strong force and weak force.

 Decay of Higgs Boson particles

 According to Patterson,  scientist of Chalmer University of Technology, Sweden, Higgs Boson particle may decay in an alternative way than that of observed and the decay path may leads by super symmetry.


The research team lead by Christoffer Petterson also suggests that If super symmetry is real, Higgs Boson particle may follow another decay path or mechanism  that is disintegrating into photon and dark matter particles

 Limitation of Higgs Boson particles behaviour

 The major limitation of Higgs Boson particles behaviour is concerned with the magical mass providing of Higgs Boson particle to other subatomic particles. Let consider that Higgs Boson particles gives mass to other subatomic particles. If that is true then we can say everywhere in universe Higgs Boson particle is present, because everywhere matter have a mass.

But an experiment on falling bodies shows that in vacuum different mass of matter falls in a same time from same height. In terms of substance falling there need a force that is equal to mass of matter multiplied by gravitational constant. This equation may express as below,

F = mg, where F is for force, m is for mass and g is in a constant value that is called gravitational constant.

We do not find any role of mass of falling bodies in vacuum. Scientists thought that there have no role of mass in how speed the substance will fall. Some believes mass as only a theoretical term in physics.


If mass would exist in the substance in vacuum then it would be present Higgs Boson particle that should be give mass to other particles as wel as matter. But the very important question is that is in this case when matter fall in vacuum, is there have any role of Higgs Boson particle? Till now we have found no hundred percent authentic solution in terms of mass property of substance in vacuum.

 Higgs Boson is recently discovered particle. Hence, to get a clear idea there need more research and experiment.