In 1864, an experiment by Clark Maxwell introduce a modern conception in science. In this experiment Clark Maxwell showed that if electric current is allowed to pass through a circuit, it will radiate energy. A wide investigation about the property of such type of radiated energy are found that it is a special type of wave that is usually somewhat different with other form of wave available. That is termed as electromagnetic wave or electromagnetic radiation. This phenomenon of electromagnetic radiation is not only in case of passing of electric current through a circuit, but also it may obtain from a magnetic field as well as from moving charge bodies.
Electromagnetic wave have a special characteristics that can differ it from other waves. Just think you are in a place that is vacuum, if from few distance of you a sound producing machine is producing sound you will find no sound. That happens for the cause there have no air. To transmission and propagation of sound wave there need a medium. In case of electromagnetic radiation there required no medium of propagation. Light that comes from sun in earth is an example of electromagnetic radiation that required no medium of propagation.
In terms of electron orbiting surrounding the nucleus, electromagnetic waves are found to producing in a form of vibratory motion which propagate approximately in the speed of light
The classical electromagnetic theorem is also known as electrodynamics. According to classical electromagnetic theorem, an acceleration orbiting of a charged particle surrounding another charged particle will radiate light energy continuously in a wave form. If we apply these theorem into the atomic model concerning with the electrons orbiting surrounding the nucleus that will restrict the earliest solar system model of atomic structure by Rutherford. If electron radiates energy continuously then it is impossible of stability of atom. According to electromagnetic theory, electron will gradually decreases its energy and speed. Finally it will fall into nucleus with a spiral path, if Rutherford's atomic model be accurately correct.
Clark Maxwell in 1856, postulates that light is a wave of small wavelength and the wavelength determines the light's colour. Energy is emit or absorb by a body continuously. Black body emit ed the radiation in only one wavelength and it is independent of temperature. The radiated energy is proportional to the intensity of the radiation.
Application of electromagnetic theory is that it can clearly explain mode of progression of radiation. Different optical phenomenon can clearly explain by Maxwell's electromagnetic wave theorem. These are interference, diffraction, polarisation, refraction.
Limitation of Maxwell's electromagnetic wave theorem is founds in terms of explaining black body radiation and photo electric effect.Explaining the behaviour of electrons orbiting surround the nucleus do not match with electromagnetic theorem. Because, it restrict the validity of stability of atom.
The energy of surviving of all living organism is considered as sunlight that involves in producing food and energy of plants by photosynthesis. If for an uncertain cause the earth become dark for few month, the sun stops sending sunlight to earth or something shadow restrict sunlight to fall into earth. The extinction of life from earth is obvious as a result.
But, how the sunlight produce in sun? Sunlight is a form of energy produced by sun that get absorbed by the life of earth and it tolerable else. Sunlight is nothing but an electromagnetic wave. Now the important question is that is it follow the same mechanism to produce sunlight within the sun just like electrons producing electromagnetic radiation during revolving surround the nucleus.
The producing of energy by the sun is claimed as the equation of mass energy transformation. Only mass energy transformation is only acceptable way of producing a huge amount of energy. But the sunlight that comes into earth is not the direct production of mass energy transformation equation within the sun. The electromagnetic radiation produces from the plasma state of sun. Continuously a large amount of Matter inside sun undergoing into mass energy transformation and producing a huge amount of energy. These huge energy transforming into the near closer matter. And these matters are converting into plasma. But more hot environment surrounding plasma are continuously providing energy to plasma. But the natural principle of matter drives plasma to remaining at least the existence in universe as a matter. For this reason there happens releasing of energy. Simply, to say atom or ion releases energy that it never loses it's existence.
Though, classical electromagnetic theory shows that the accelerating movement of electron surround its opposite charged nucleus will create electromagnetic radiation. Hence, every atom should produce electromagnetic radiation. Different scientists assumes that exactly each atom can release electromagnetic radiation, but each intensity is not same. Considering this, let us search why intensity may be different.
A cold iron sheet if allowed to heat for a several time, it will become red and then it will turned into white. White and red in both case will radiate visible radiation. Hence, we found an idea that temperature plays a significant role in radiation. Another example is radiation from volcanic eruption. By a thermal process emitting light by matter is termed as incandescence. Exactly the examples are given concerning with hot iron rod and volcanoes is the well known examples of incandescence.
It was thought that electromagnetic radiation releases from an atom due to jumping of electron from higher energy state to lower energy state. On the basis of distribution of spectral line it have taken a decision that in this way electromagnetic radiation releases. Exactly the natural principles of universe shows us that electron will behave in such an way that it can maintain the atoms long term stability. Hence, it is natural for electron to jump to that state of energy where it should be place or where it was placing. It is nothing but a on basis regular struggle of electron to occupying the space from where it is distorted from by certain cause. If we implement the conception of curvature movement into electron's revolving surrounding nucleus then accepting the jumping concept needs to margin. Jumping of electron higher state to lower state and lower state to higher state may not follow straight line geodesic, rather a curvature geodesic else.Whatever happens between the different scientific conception, we may reach in an unique conclusion that there will happen one th
ings that energy will absorb by atom and it will released by accelerating movement of electron in a form of electromagnetic radiation.
Let us consider about a hot metal. What happens inside the atom of hot metal. External heat transfers into atom. Atom expands with size. The distance of electron from the nucleus starts gradually increasing. If the distance started gradually increasing and remains continuity then once the atom will lose its property. Hence, in order to remaining the existence the property of atom electron goes lower energy state. As a result energy releases in a form of electromagnetic radiation. This behaviour of electrons to go into lower energy state from higher energy state supports the quantisation of energy releasing. That means the energy releases as a packet of energy that is called photon. It also ignores that energy will never release continuously.
How amount of electromagnetic radiation will be released by an atom that depends on how energy is absorbing by the atom. If we look at the behaviour of matter in terms of producing visible radiation, we must find that the more hotter metal will produce more radiation. In this case in more hot environment atom became bound to absorb more external energy. As a result it will release more radiation.
The sunlight that comes from sun, produced from plasma state. Plasma is a hot and lionised gaseous state that is considered as the fourth state of matter that consists with equal number of positively charged ion and negatively charged ion. The difference of plasma state of gas from normal gas is that it is strongly influenced by electric field and magnetic field.Exactly electromagnetic radiation is a one kind of thermal radiation. The more hotter state of matter will produce electromagnetic radiation as efficient as more. The production of electromagnetic radiation from atom is conditional with temperature.
Margins of electromagnetic theorem by planks quantum theorem
When Maxwell's electromagnetic theory failed to explain the spectral distribution of black body radiation, it became very important to think about new concept that can minimise the complexity. In 1901, Max Plank propose a theorem that is called Plank's quantum theory of radiation. Planks quantum theory of radiation able to minimize the complexity of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory that was created by the conception of emitting of radiation in a continuous way. Plank's quantum theory of radiation ignores the continuity of radiation and assumes that the radiation will happen in a discontinuous way
