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A chemical reaction happend in a simultaneous process that is start of breaking of one bond and forming of another bond. This two process happens concurrently. Simply to say one bond is breaking and another bond is forming. With an advancement of this process there found an intermediate state where there have highest energy and form a structure of odd compound . This is not a real molecule. It's next step is the final product. Here leaving atom is adjunct to the central atom with paetial bond and new atom is also that.

Rutherford's atomic model  To define the atom and atomic structure Rutherford proposed a model of atom that can explain the structure of atom. Though, this model have a few drawbacks, but it was the first acceptable model of atom. Rutherford's atomic model is the modified result of a world re known experiment to know the behaviour of alpha particles that is known as Rutherford's alpha particle scattering experiment. Rutherford and Marsden done an experiment that shows a significant alpha particles scattering through atom. This experiment of alpha particle scattering gives most of the idea of atomic structure that leads to  a modern model of atom latter. Rutherford's alpha particle scattering experiment  Human thirst of innovation was started from the primitive time of human origin. A one discovery of science leads scientists to drive for new discovery. After the discovery of smaller constituents of atom, electron, proton and neutron, scientists are aggressiv...

To occurring a chemical reaction there needs two things simultaneously. That is breaking down a bond and forming a new bond. To breaking down an existing bond requires energy. Breaking down of a bond occurs in two mechanism. 1. Homolytic fission 2. Hetero lytic fission Homolytic fission is also called Homolysis. In this case the bonding electron are equally distributed between two atom. Homolydis happens in breaking down of sigma bond. Two free radicals are forms in homolysis. These free radicals are electrically inactive. Each free radical contains a non pair electron. Heterolytic fission is also called Heterolysis. In this case after breaking down of the bond one atom pocess two electron or whole number of electron and another do not pocess any electron.

Electromeric effect is reffered as an effect that involve with the pi bond of the molecule and the polarity happens for the displacement of the pi electron by outside reagents. Electromeric effect is just like a mesomeric effect but only difference is that it is due to the effect of eletrophiles. When any electrophiles attact to the pi electron tgere happens a polarity in the bond. This effects is called Electromeric effect. Electromeric effect reffered as E. Electromeric effect is a temporary effect. Iy happens only for the effect of reagent. Just consider an example hat defines electromeric effect sufficiently. In ethylene there have carbon carbon double bond ehere one is sigma bond and another is pi bond. Ehen any electrophiles get closer to the ethylene it attact to the pi orbital of the bond. A displacement of pi electron happened and therefore create polarity.

In a system where different atoms are available for a successful reaction. But only then reaction is possible when two or more atoms will closer to each other. If ayoms places in different position, it is not possible to make a succrssful reaction. Getting aproaches of the atom to each other in the system decreases the energy ofthe energy of the total system. Distance between the atoms are decreased with the decreasing of the total energy of the system. Innert gases do not undrgo in chemical reaction because their all of the orbitals are filled completely. Half filled orbital can undergo in chemical reaction due to they tends to fill completely their orbital structure.

Electronegativity is the characteristics of any atom that determines how strongly it will attract the electron cloud to itself. Its simply to say that a tendency of getting negative charge by attract the electron to itself. In a bond of two atom the more electronegative atom will attract the electron with stronger than other. Hence, it will be partially negatively charged. In HCl chlorine is more electronegative than hydrogen. Hence it attracts electron to itself. The electron cloud nearby chlorine is more dese than the electron cloud of nearby hydrogen. Hence, chlorine is partially negative charged and hydrogen is partially ppsotive charged. The phenomenon in HCl may defined as polarity.

Mesomeric effect  For happening a successful reaction there need a successful attack by reagent to the substrate. Reaction is nothing but a simple thing that one bond will break down and other new bond will form and finally as a resut with new products. To happen this an attack is important by reagent. In what region of substrate the reagent will do attack is a considerable subject.  Where reagent will attack to the substrate is depend on three factors. These are inductive effect, mesomeric effect and electromeric effect. All of three factors are involved in distribution of electron cloud in bond beteen the atoms. Though every effect is just same with the main function, yet these are different in unique parameter. The difference of inductive effect from mesomeric effect is that in inductive effect the unequal distribution of electron cloud happens in sigma bond and in mesomeric effect the unequal distribution of electron cloud happens in pi bond. omeric effect involve i...

Inductive effect  For a chemical reaction there need two things to happen. One of them a good interaction between substrate and reagent. Substrate is these chemical reactants that have to be attracted by the reagent for a chemical reaction. The attacking reagent that contains positively charge attracts to the substrates into that region where the electron density is very high. As same as the attacking reagent with negatively charged will attack at the region of substrate where electron density is comparatively low. The electron density in a substrate are also influenced by some factors. These are inductive effect, mesmeric effect and electromeric effect. To a clear understanding about the inductive effect for a chemical reaction, let us try to understand about the word induction. The induction somewhat means a visual effect of something on other things without any touch. It simply to say obtaining some characteristics from other. In the study of magnetism someone may be famil...

Meso compound is such kinds of compound that have a plane of symmetry that devides the compound in two equal parts and each parts of the compound is the mirror image of each other. Meso compound have no activity in rotation of plane polarized light.

Enantiomer is a pair of optically active isomers which are the mirror image of each other. Two isomers of Lactic acid that rotates plane polarized light left by one and right by another. Enantiomers are stable, isolable. They are differ one from another by arrangement in space. Enantiomers are identical properties in all parameter without in terms of rotation of plane polarized light. Enantiomers rotate plane polarized light to the same degree, but in different direction. One rotates to right and others to left. The equal mixture of enantiomers are called racemic mixture. Racemic mixture do not rotate plane polarized light. Because one isomers activity to totate plane polarized light declined by the activity of other isomer in mixture.

Tautomerism is two isomer where each of the isomer forms from the other isomer by shifting the electrons and ions and they stays in an equlibrium. There found two types of tautomerism. Keto forms and Enol forms. These two forms of isomer is interconvertible. The shifting of electron and hydrogen happend in this case. The basic difference of Tautomerism from the resonance structure is that, Resonance structure there have no existance of unique different molecule. It is only involved in electrons movement from one position to another position. But in tautomerism electron shifts from one position to another position to forms different molecule. Not only that in tautomerism the ions also shifts. The examples of tautomerism are the two isomeric form of Acetone. Here two forms are found. These are Keto form and Enol form. In keto form there found a ketone functional group but in Enol form there found an aldehyde functional group.