Gauge Symmetry

In mathematics,  Lagrangian system admits a special types of symmetry that is called Gauge symmetry. Not only in mathematics, but also in physics gauge symmetry have wide range of applications. In theoretical physics gauge field theory and depends of some parameter function.

Gauge symmetry of Lagrangian is defined as the differential operator on some vector bundle with the condition of its value taken in linear space.

Gauge symmetry is depends on vector bundle and its partial derivatives. Example of such types of dependencies in Yang-Mills theory, classical field theory and Gauge gravitation theory.

There happens some odd things in gauge symmetry
Being Lagrangian symmetry, gauge symmetry satisfies first Noethers theorem.


According to second Noether theorem, Gauge symmetry and Noether identities have a relationship of one to one correspondence. This one to one correspondence is satisfies by Euler-Lagrange operator.

Gauge symmetry characterize the degeneracy of Lagrangian system.


In terms of quantum field theory, there found another complexity.  There a generating functional fail may found invariant under gauge transformation. In this case gauge symmetry is replaced and BRST symmetry is introduces instead of it.

Grand unification theorem

Grand Unification Theory is simply called GUT.  It is a model in particle physics that is unified form of three gauge interaction. These three  gauge interaction is electromagnetic force, strong force and weak force.

The properties of Grand Unification Theorem is that it is characterised by a larger gauge symmetry with just only one coupling constant. Due to merging of three fundamental interaction out of four fundamental interaction in universe causes Grand Unification theorem.

The authenticity of Grand unification theorem is the reality of Grand unification epoch in early universe when the fundamental interaction of universe were not distinct.

The difference of GUT form theory of everything is in terms of gravity.  Gravitation is not merged in GUT with other three fundamental interaction.

Grand Unification Theorem is not generally acceptable. It is very complex.  The realisation of GUT model is comparing very complex with Standard model . In Grand unification theorem there need additional field of interaction and additional dimension of space.  In GUT there have difficulty of reproducing observed Germain masses and mixing angle.

Baryon

We know about quarks. The combination of three quarks made a sub-atomic particles that is called baryon. Baryon is an element of hardon family. Just like baryon, messon is also a member of hardon family.

The word baryon comes from greek. Baryon means heavy. When it was named as baryon then it was higher mass than most of the existed elementary particles.

Baryon is special types of quark based elementary particles that participates in strong interaction, though another quark based particles lepton do not participate in strong interaction.

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Black body

Black body is a physical body that can absorb all kinds of electromagnetic radiation. The unique properties of black body is that it emits radiation in thermal equilibrium so called black body radiation. Emitting of black body radiation is followed by planks law.

Ideal black body have two unique properties

It is an ideal emiter. Emit radiation of any frequency.

It is a diffused emitter. It emit isotropically, that is independent with direction

Straight line geodesic

Geodesic

Geodesic is a term comes from the word geodesy that means the measure the size and shape of earth. Geodesic is a shortest route between two point on the surface of earth. According to geometry, Geodesic is a generalized notion of a straight line to curved spaces.

In general theory of relativity, geodesic is more important. Here curvature geodesic is more considerable than straight line geodesic. The motion of free falling test particle is described in general theory of relativity by geodesic.

Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a condition of abnormal cell division of breast tissue. It is one of the most common cause of women death worldwide. Besides of Cervical cancer, Breast cancer is a serious disease in women.

Symptom of breast cancer

The common symptom of breast cancer is lump in breast, changing shape of breast, excretion of fluid from the breast nipple. Another symptom of breast cancer may be bone pain, yellowish color of skin, shortness of breath.

Risk factor of developing Breast cancer

The risk factor of developing breast cancer is hormone replacement  therapy, Alcohol, ionizing radiation, obesity and lack of physical exercise. Basically, the responsible gene for breast cancer is BRCA 1 and BRCA 2. These are the inherited gene spread from generation to generation.